Recursos fitogenéticos del café de especialidad en Centroamérica (Coffea sp.) e indicadores geográficos y de calidad. Un fundamento para la gestión de la conservación de su diversidad

Abstract

Abstract: This study explores the genetic diversity, geographic factors, and quality impacts of Coffea sp. in Central America through a systematic literature review. Analyzing data from specialty coffee contests in 2018 through 2024 in Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and Mexico, the relationship between genetics, altitude, and postharvest processes on bean quality was examined. Highlighting varieties such as Geisha, predominant in Panama, and red Borboun, used as a reference in the comparisons. Through ANOVA analysis, significant differences were identified in the scores of Geisha, IHCAFE 90 and Lempira versus Borboun rojo, influenced by ecogeographic factors that determined their classification in specialty coffee contests. The Holdridge system allowed the definition of optimum growing zones. Among the key findings, it was observed that altitude and post-harvest processes are determinant for quality. In addition, in situ and ex situ conservation strategies were proposed to protect genetic diversity and strengthen resilience to climate change. This study lays the foundations for sustainable management of coffee plant genetic resources, promoting their economic and cultural value in the region.