Fuentes de ventaja comparativa y complejidad económica en Latinoamérica: Caso Costa Rica

Abstract

Abstract: The study analyzes the sources of comparative advantage and economic sophistication in Costa Rica between 2000 and 2023, using econometric models based on Ricardo and Heckscher-Ohlin theories. It shows that factors such as human capital, infrastructure investment and labor productivity have a direct impact on export sophistication and, therefore, on the country's economic sophistication. Through the Balassa Index and other indicators, it is identified that Costa Rica has diversified its export matrix, highlighting sectors such as business services and medical devices. Despite progress in the Economic Complexity Index ranking, the country still faces structural challenges such as low technological incorporation and limited vertical specialization. It is concluded that in order to achieve sustainable development, Costa Rica must reinforce its productive model with policies that promote innovation, technical knowledge and diversification. This work provides valuable empirical evidence for the formulation of economic policies aimed at strengthening the country's international competitiveness.