Estado, crimen organizado y violencia política: Hacia una comprensión del narcoestado en Ecuador (2021-2025)

Abstract

Abstract: This research examines the issue of the "narco-state" in Ecuador, a situation in which organized crime groups infiltrated government institutions and co-opted the structures of the judiciary. This process gave rise to numerous scandals such as *Metástasis*, *Purga*, *Plaga*, *Encuentro*, *Triple A*, and the Manabí reconstruction case alongside a breakdown of security at ports and in penitentiary centers. Orchestrated by organized crime groups, these activities fostered political violence and saw the exploitation of jurisdictional safeguards specifically *habeas corpus* as tools to secure territorial control and ensure impunity. Ultimately, the study demonstrates that the country is facing a profound crisis within its state structures. This highlights the urgent need for reforms to restore order and implement stricter, comprehensive measures to purge institutions, thereby ensuring stability in legal certainty and the rule of law.